R6 CENTRAL COMBINE (v1.1.5)

R6 CENTRAL COMBINE

Spiel: Rainbow Six Siege
Plattform: PC
Datum: 24.06.2023

Changes to the last document are marked in red

List of contents

  1. Preamble
    1. Scope of application
    2. Change of rules
    3. Disclaimer
    4. Sponsorship
    5. Betting
    6. Violations and disqualification
    7. Confidentiality
  2. General rules
    1. Discord
    2. Support requests
    3. Match protests
    4. Sportsmanship and fairness
    5. Ingame chat
    6. Trolling and non-attendance
    7. Additional agreement
    8. Timings
    9. Ubisoft account in good standing
    10. End of match
    11. Spoilers
    12. Distribution of winnings
  3. Technical rules
    1. Break/Rehost
    2. Tactical Timeout
    3. Connection
      1. Ping
      2. Disconnect
    4. Technical errors
  4. Casting/Streaming
    1. Casting
    2. Streaming
    3. Interviews
  5. Tournament Rules: General
    1. Conditions of participation: Team
    2. Conditions of participation: Player
    3. BLAST R6 EU LEAGUE TEAMS
    4. Permitted optical modifications
    5. Tie breaker rules
  6. For the tournament day
    1. Match host
      1. Observer
      2. Caster
      3. Teamhost
    2. Lineup
    3. Change of players
    4. Mappool
    5. Mapvoting
    6. Match settings
    7. Operator
    8. Use of prohibited skins
    9. Incorrect game settings
  7. Cheating
    1. Illegal programmes and modifications
    2. Additional hardware and software (General)
    3. Bugs and Glitches
    4. Anti-Cheat Software: MOSS
      1. Incomplete Moss files
      2. Black screenshots
      3. Edited Mossfiles
      4. Missing Mossfiles
      5. RemoteControlSystems (RCS) & VPN
      6. Unreliability of MOSS

  1. Preamble
    1. Scope of application
      This rulebook is valid for R6 Central Combine.
      By participating in R6 Central Combine, every team member accepts this rulebook. Each player is independently responsible for informing himself about the current version of the rulebook.
    2. Change of rules
      R6 Central Combine reserves the right to punish unsportsmanlike or unfair behavior or actions that are not stated in this rulebook.
      Should a change of the rules be necessary during the R6 Central Combine tournaments, this change may be made and will be accessible in the "Rules" section on r6-combine.eu.
    3. Disclaimer
      In this tournament, the Ubisoft Terms of Use and the Ubisoft Code of Conduct, as well as the Rainbow Six: Siege Code of Conduct will apply.
      If any paragraph or rule in this rulebook is found to be invalid, illegal, unenforceable, or in violation of applicable law, the remainder of the rulebook shall remain in effect.
      German law is considered to be the applicable law. Likewise, the decision on any situation not stated in this rulebook is at the discretion and power of the tournament director and admins, provided that it is necessary to preserve the integrity and stability of the tournament.
    4. Sponsorship
      In order to preserve the integrity of R6 Central Combine and the business reputation of UBISOFT, each Team agrees not to enter into and shall make sure that its Team Staff and Players do not enter into any sponsorship or partnership with one of the following sponsors in connection with their participation into R6 Central Combine without the prior consent in writing of UBISOFT.
      1. Alcoholic products, and in particular liquors and beers (including non-alcoholic version of eponymbeers), or other intoxicating substances whose sale or use is regulated by law (including cannabis-based products)
      2. Tobacco, cigarettes or electronic cigarettes, related paraphernalia
      3. Firearms (including firearm accessories or ammunitions), including replicas or airsoft products
      4. Gambling or betting websites, including fantasy esports operators
      5. Pornography and other related mature materials and paraphernalia
      6. Any medicinal substance that requires prescription or is not freely sold in a pharmacy
      7. Political campaigns
      8. Any esports or video game tournament, league or event
      9. Any entities, companies or organizations that may, at UBISOFT’s sole discretion, be considered detrimental to UBISOFT’s business or reputation, including but not limited to, key sellers, hacking and botting, account selling, in-game currency or digital item selling services, and any other video game, other video game developer, or publisher competing with UBISOFT or UBISOFT games
      10. Unauthorized and/or non-compliant with applicable law or regulations cryptocurrencies, financial instruments or market activities.
      In the event a Team is sponsored by entities involved in the sports betting, bookmaking or gambling segment, the Players shall wear the alternative jerseys and other apparel available free of any such sponsors markings in R6 Central Combine.
      UBISOFT rely on Teams to ensure that any of their sponsor respect all regulations and UBISOFT may:
      1. Require any Team to stop providing sponsorship activation for any sponsor that is likely to put UBISOFT in breach of applicable law, or create any reputational damage if display of such sponsor brand may have an adverse effect on UBISOFT’s good will and reputation
      2. Prompt any Team to provide any additional documentation or explanation necessary for UBISOFT to justify their sponsor’s compliance with applicable law.
      In both aforementioned cases and as soon as notified by UBISOFT (email sufficient), Players and Teams with such sponsor shall immediately stop displaying and using any reference to such sponsor while participating in the R6 Central Combine.
    5. Betting
      No player or team may take part, directly or indirectly, in betting or gambling (including fantasy esports gambling) on any results of any match and/or any portion of the R6 Central Combine).
    6. 1.5 Violations and disqualification
      Violations of the rules can be punished e.g. with competitive suspension, disqualification from the tournament, or prize money reductions.
      Any multiple violations of the rules may be punished more severely.
      The tournament organizer reserves the right to impose penalties according to Annex B "Penalty Index" of the BLAST R6 Global Rulebook in case of offences and rule violations.
    7. Confidentiality
      All contents of protests, support requests and correspondence with the admins or the tournament management are to be treated confidentially and may not be published in picture, text or in analogous reproduction. A publication requires the agreement of the tournament management. In case of violation the tournament management reserves the right to impose an appropriate penalty.
  2. General rules
    1. Discord
      From the beginning of the match day at least one player of each team has to link his R6 Central Combine account to Discord via "My Profile" "Connect Discord" and has to be active on Discord during the whole match and the scheduled lead time. On Discord, a channel will be created for each match, in which support and questions will be dealt with. Communication between the players will also take place here. Before the start of the match, each team must declare its presence.
      Each player represents his team in Discord. This means that each player has an equal function in Discord and is entitled to give instructions.
    2. Support requests
      Support requests are indirect or non-match related requests, which concern purely informative, administrative or organisational concerns of the teams towards the tournament management.
      A support request must be submitted via the support ticket system integrated on Discord. Support requests that are not submitted via the ticket system are invalid and cannot be used as a reference. This rule also includes personal messages to admins or tournament management.
    3. Match protests
      Protests are directly match-related issues or allegations that determine the course or outcome of a match.
      A protest may be claimed by any team at any time during the match. A protest must be reported in the match channel immediately after the offence has occurred. It must be marked "protest" and tagged @staff. In case of violations during an ongoing match, the match must be interrupted and the protest must be reported in the match channel before the action phase of the next round has begun. After the end of the match, only offences from the last round played can be protested. This can be done until the result is confirmed. Protests not made in the match channel are invalid and cannot be used as a reference. This rule also includes personal messages to admins or tournament management.
      A protest is only valid as long as the result has not been confirmed. If the match has already ended and the result has been confirmed, a protest will no longer be accepted and processed. The tournament committee reserves the right to overrule this rule in case of proven cheating.
      The tournament management and the admins always decide on the basis of the presumption of innocence. This means that the protester has to present valid evidence or arguments, otherwise the protest will not be processed due to insufficient evidence.
    4. Sportsmanship and fairness
      Sportsmanship and fairness must be maintained throughout R6 Central Combine by all players and teams on all associated platforms.
      Failure to comply with this rule in live matches will be punished with extra severity.
    5. Ingame chat
      The ingame chat only to be used for important information for the observer (e.g. TT, break, RH, ...) and sportive, match-related match comments (e.g. GLHF, GGWP, NS, ...).
      Observers do not make match decisions. For any match-related questions or protests, the associated Discord match channel is to be used. The admins must be tagged for enquiries there.
      Non-compliance with this rule in live matches will be punished with particular severity.
    6. Trolling and non-attendance
      In this case, the team will receive a warning first, then further suspensions. This is to avoid, that matches are voluntarily given away.
      All matches at R6 Central Combine must be played according to the "best-effort" principle.
    7. Additional agreement
      R6 Central Combine does not allow any concerted action or behavior between the teams, which limit the validity of the rules or make them partially or completely or partially invalid.
    8. Timings
      Each team must be ready in the match lobby 15 minutes before the scheduled match time to avoid delays. Each team is also responsible for the individual team members and their punctuality.
      If a team is not all present in the lobby 15 minutes after the scheduled match time, the match will be considered a no-show.
    9. Ubisoft account in good standing
      In order to be eligible to participate in R6 Central Combine and throughout the entire duration of R6 Central Combine, Players and Team Staff may not own or use a Ubisoft account that is not in good standing. The notion of “Good standing” is construed in application of the Rainbow Six: Siege code of conduct and of Ubisoft Terms of Use and such standing may be verified by UBISOFT from time to time.
      Any sanction emitted by UBISOFT on the Ubisoft account of a Player or Team Staff may translate into Sanction(s) in R6 Central Combine. Additionally, should any Player or Team Staff own or use another account that is not in good standing, any sanction to such account may translate into Sanction(s) in R6 Central Combine as well.
    10. End of match
      Each player has the obligation to stay in the lobby after the end of the match. Players are not allowed to leave the lobby until the host is back in the settings menu.
      At least one player per team must upload a screenshot of the result, including scoreboard, in the match channel at the end of the match to confirm the match. Both participating teams are equally responsible for the compliance and execution of this rule.
    11. Spoilers
      Should a team, be it on social media or in the Twitch chat, announce a match result that has not yet been published in the associated stream, this team will be punished with appropriate severity.
    12. Distribution of winnings
      The winnings will only be distributed to the team owner. The team owner is then responsible for any further distribution. The distribution of winnings is done by bank transfer. For this purpose, the information required for a bank transfer must be entered in the team view.

      Withholding Taxes
      Prize’s payment may be subject to applicable federal, state and local income tax or withholding tax and it is the responsibility of the Team eligible to such payment to seek assistance of a local tax advisor to determine which taxes may apply to the receipt of a prize and ensure that any applicable taxes are reported and paid to the appropriate authority.
  3. Technical rules
    1. Break/Rehost
      Each team is entitled to one rehost/break per map.
      Instead of a rehost, the pause function should be used. If it is not possible for a team to pause, a regular rehost must be used.
      A rehost can only be made under the following conditions:
      1. during the pick phase
      2. during the preparation phase, if the own team has not taken any damage yet
      3. during the first 30 seconds of the action phase, if the own team has not taken damage yet
      The team that wants to use a rehost must have completely left the lobby, otherwise the round must be played to the end.
      No confirmation from an admin or observer is required for a rehost, but the rehost must be communicated in the match channel with the note "Rehost @staff". If a team leaves the match due to a protest, their rehost will not be honoured. Should a team, 10 minutes after the rehost, not be fully in the match lobby, the match must continue with the players present. Alternatively, a match protest may be opened.
      Should a rehost have to be made due to publisher-side problems (e.g. highping in the entire lobby), this will not be credited to either team.
      If the match was started with an incomplete team, the rehost can be used to bring missing players into the match.
    2. Tactical Timeout
      Each team is entitled to one Tactical Timout (in-game function) per map.
    3. Connection
      Each player is responsible for ensuring the best possible connection for him, considering the region and technical conditions (ping).
      1. Ping
      2. The maximum latency is 120ms. If a player repeatedly exceeds this limit, a rehost must first take place before a match protest may be opened. If a protest is opened, the match will be interrupted and, if the problem is not solved, must be played to the end with the remaining players. For a protest to be valid, at least 3 screenshots over the period of 2 rounds must be submitted showing the latency violation.
      3. Disconnect
      4. If a player leaves the game after the first 30 seconds of the action phase have passed or intentionally leaves the game after the own team has taken damage, the current round must be played to the end. If the entire team leaves a round without using the rehost in time, the team still in the game will receive the point for that round. Between rounds, the player who left the game can reconnect or a rehost can be claimed. If a player repeatedly disconnects and the rehost has already been redeemed, the team must finish the map with the remaining players.< br/> Each player is responsible for their own software and hardware.
    4. Technical errors
      Each player is responsible for their own hardware and internet connection. A match will not be rescheduled due to technical problems or missing players. Should a team not be able to compete with the roster registered for the tournament, the match will be considered a freewin for the opponent.
  4. Casting/Streaming
    1. Casting
      The casting of an R6 Central Combine match is only allowed for R6 Central Combine and may not be done by anyone else.
      External casts must be requested in advance via ticket on our Discord.
    2. Streaming
      Streaming from the first person perspective must be done with at least 240 sec. delay and is only allowed if the corresponding match is not broadcast by Main Production, Community Caster. The stream title must also mention R6 Central Combine. The stream title must also mention R6 Central Combine. The stream title must not be offensive, racist or generally damaging to the reputation of the team. In case of disregard, the entire team can be disqualified. Each team is responsible for its own stream.
      The Stream needs to comply with Ubisoft Code of Conduct and Video policy. Also the stream may not be associated with any brand or product that are in the restricted list (see section 8.6 of the BLAST R6 Global Rulebook).
      If a match is cast by an R6 Central Combine caster, it is not allowed to stream from the first person perspective.
    3. Interviews
      After the end of the match, the designated player of the winning team has the duty to go to the Discord channel "Interviews". This player is then moved to the casters and conducts an interview with the casters there.
  5. Tournament Rules: General
    1. Conditions of participation: Team
      Players who are registered in the participating team and on the R6 Central Combine website are considered to be a participating team and are therefore eligible to play, given they are fulfilling the conditions of participation for players, as below.
      The licence to participate is held by the team owner. By joining a team, players agree and accept all administrative rights of the licence holder including the responsibility for prize money distribution.
      If the owner does not have player status (e.g. manager), but is still to be considered the licence holder, this must be notified to the tournament organisation by ticket.
      In this case, the owner is not considered as one of the nine available player slots.
      Every Team from the National, EU Central and Open Qualifiers is allowed to have a maximum of one BLAST R6 EU Player from 2023 Stage 1.
    2. Conditions of participation: Player
      Admitted players must meet the following criteria:
      1. The player must be a natural person
      2. Players must be at least 18 years old.
      3. Each person may only have one account within R6 Central Combine.
      4. Players are only allowed to compete in one team of the R6 Central Combine at the same time.
      5. Communication in German or English writing and language must be guaranteed.
      6. The player must have entered his Ubisoft Connect Nickname/ID.
      7. Any person associated with the organization and management of R6 Central Combine is not allowed to participate in R6 Central Combine.
      8. BLAST R6 Players from regions other than EU are not allowed to participate in any phase of this event.
    3. BLAST R6 EU LEAGUE TEAMS
      1. Players that competed as part of an organisation in Blast R6 EU League Stage 1 will only be able to play as part of that organization.
      2. However, if a Blast R6 EU League player is unable to play in the Blast R6 EU League Qualifier, he may play in every other Qualifier with a third-party team, up to a maximum of one Blast R6 EU League player per team.
      3. A Blast R6 EU League player is defined as a player who has taken part in Blast R6 EU League Stage 1.
      4. An organization can only compete in the Blast R6 EU League qualifier if it is part of the official BLAST R6 Europe League 2023 Stage 1 and if they have at least 3/5 starting players from their Blast R6 EU League Stage 1 roster.
      5. In addition to the team competing in the Blast R6 EU League Qualifier, an organization from the official BLAST R6 Europe League 2023 Stage 1 may create one academic team (secondary roster) that is eligible to compete in any of the Open Qualifiers. However, this academic team (secondary roster) may only have a maximum of one Blast R6 EU League player in its team (One player from any Blast R6 EU League Stage 1 team). If an organization has two teams in the competition and both teams qualify for the playoffs phase, the organization will only be allowed to select one of the teams to progress. With the other team forfeiting their qualification spot to the next eligible team.
    4. Permitted optical modifications
      1. Esports Programs' Cosmetics
      2. Pro League skins (gold sets)
      3. Pro teams branded cosmetics
      4. Victory Celebrations
      5. Operator Portraits
      6. Card Backgrounds
      7. Unique Ability: Nur Default Skins
    5. All other modifications are not permitted.
      Explicitly excluded from this rule are weapon skins. Consequently, all weapon skins are allowed.
      Battlepass skins are not allowed.
      Drone skins are not allowed.
      Battlepass skins are not allowed.
      Cosmetics Rule (drone skins, gadget skins, uniforms and headgears)
      1st Offence: Warning
      2nd Offence: Round loss
      3rd Offence: Map loss
      This will not be applied retroactively at the end of a map or a match, therefore this needs to be brought in via protest immediately.
    6. Tie breaker rules
      Normally, an observer opens the lobby. The observer will invite players to the game lobby and ensure the correct settings. It is not allowed to open your own lobby or start the game on your own if an observer is set as the game host.
  6. For the tournament day
    1. Matchhost
      1. Observer
        Normally, an observer opens the lobby. The observer will invite players to the game lobby and ensure the correct settings. It is not allowed to open your own lobby or start the game on your own if an observer is set as the game host.
      2. Caster
        If a caster is set as match host, the players will be invited to the game lobby and the caster will ensure the correct settings. It is not allowed to open an own lobby or to start the game independently, should a caster be set as match host.
      3. Teamhost
        The team that has chosen the map hosts the match and is responsible for the correct settings.
    2. Lineup
      Match lineup
      5 players can be selected for the line-up. The match may only be played with these players. A match can't be started with less than five players. A substitution of players during the match is prohibited.
      The line-up can still be adjusted before the start of the match. The admins are to be informed via @staff.
    3. Change of players
      For the qualifiers, every player that is on the team before the tournament start is allowed to play.
      Players can be swapped between Qualifiers.
      If a team qualifies through the Open Qualifiers, three players of the qualifier with the most points need to be part of the roster for Phase 2. If a team has scored the same number of points twice as the highest score, the earlier qualifier applies.
      Teams that qualify through the National or EU Central Qualifier need to pre-name at least three players for their roster for Phase 2. In case of BLAST R6 EU League Teams, this regards Phase 4. These three players are not allowed to attend any other Qualifiers with another team. They are also not allowed to transfer off the team until transfer window 1 (after Phase 3). Players that transfer off a team that has already qualified, but are not part of the three pre-named players, may not transfer back to said team.
      In case of voting-ties within a team, the Owner of the team has the last word.
      Roster changes (from Phase 2):
      If your team qualifies for Phase 2, the lineup needs to be submitted by joining the team on r6-combine.eu until July 7th (roster lock).
      The players that are part of the team on r6-combine.eu count as current roster. The maximum amount of players for a team is 9.
      Roster changes (between phases):
      Teams are allowed two transfers between Phase 3 and 4 and one transfer between Phase 4 and final (~4 weeks break).
      Roster lock: July 7th
      Transfer window 1: July 21st
      Transfer window 2: from July 24th until final (~4 weeks break)
    4. Mappool
      The following maps are in the mappool:
      Oregon, Clubhouse, Kafe Dostojewski, Chalet, Villa, Bank, Theme Park, Skyscraper, Border
    5. Mapvoting
      The mapban takes place on the website in the respective match. 21 minutes before the start of the match the mapvote will be activated. There, the maps that are not to be played will be banned. The maps will be banned in turn so that one map (decider map) remains. Each team has 2 minutes to ban a map. If no bans are made within this time, the system will automatically ban a map and the map vote will continue. The team that banned the second to last map chooses the desired side (attacker or defender) on the decider map.
      The team that does not have the choice of side chooses the side for the overtime. If the team has not chosen a side for the overtime before the start of the match, this setting remains random.
      Bo3 Mapvote:
      Ban-Ban-Ban-Ban-Pick-Pick-Ban-Ban-Decider
      The team that did not pick the map may choose the side of that map.
      Bo5 Mapvote:
      Ban-Ban-Pick-Pick-Ban-Ban-Pick-Pick-Decider
      The team that did not pick the map gets to choose the side of that map.
    6. Match settings
      Data Center:Dedicated Server (Region: EU Central)
      Voice Chat:Team only
      Match Replay:On
      HUD settings:Pro League
      Match settings:
      Number of Bans:4
      Ban Timer:20
      Number of Rounds:12
      Attacker/Defender Role swap: 6
      Overtime Rounds:On
      Overtime Rounds:3
      Overtime Score Difference:2
      Overtime Role Change:1
      Objective Rotation Parameter: 2
      Objective Type Rotation:Rounds Played
      Pick Phase Timer:20
      Operator HP:100
      Friendly Fire Damage:100
      Friendly Fire in Prep Phase:Off
      Reverse Friendly Fire:Off
      Injured:20
      Sprint:On
      Lean:On
      Death Duration:2
      Death Replay:Off
      Tactical Timeout:
      Requests available per team:1
      Allow requests from:Players
      Timeout duration:45
      Game Mode BOMB:
      Plant Duration:7
      Defuse Duration:7
      Fuse Time:45
      Defuse Carrier Selection:On
      Preparation Phase Duration:45
      Action Phase Duration:180
    7. Operator
      New operators are not sent to quarantine, and are therefore allowed to be played.
      Operators that are officially quarantined by Ubisoft are also considered as quarantined operators by us.
      R6 Central Combine reserves the right to announce its own Operator bans.
    8. Use of prohibited skins
      If a round is started with a forbidden skin, the player concerned must immediately be removed from the current round via teamkill without performing any action in the game and adjust the skin. The round that was started must be played with a shorthanded team.
    9. Incorrect game settings
      If a game has been started with incorrect game settings, the opponent must be informed immediately. If two full rounds have passed and the incorrect settings have not been brought up, the settings shall be deemed accepted and shall not be changed.
  7. Cheating
    1. Illegal programs and modifications
      Any hardware or software that gives a player an advantage over his opponent is strictly prohibited. In case of violation, the entire team may be disqualified.
    2. Additional hardware and software (General)
      Any hardware or software that gives a player an advantage over his opponent is strictly prohibited. The same applies to actions that give a player or team an advantage in any way. This applies in particular to the exploitation of bugs and glitches.
    3. Bugs and Glitches
      The intentional use of bugs, glitches or errors in the game is prohibited. It is at the discretion of the Admin whether or not the use of said bugs had an impact on the game. Exploiting glitches and game errors can lead to the loss of the round. It is important to distinguish glitches and game errors from mechanics and normally accessible spots on the map. In case of doubt, the tournament management must be informed. Using paths outside the map (out of map) is not a violation of the rules.
      Spawnkilling is only allowed 2 seconds after the start of the action phase.
    4. Anti-Cheat Software: MOSS
      The decision to require MOSS is up to the participating teams. MOSS must only be used if one of the teams wishes to use MOSS in a match. This must be stated on the website during the line-up selection. Both teams then have the obligation to play with MOSS. Both teams are also obliged to upload the MOSS files to the website within 20 minutes after the end of the match without being asked. The teams are then responsible for checking the Mossfiles of the opposing team and opening a protest if suspicious content is found. Point 1.6 also applies to the content of the MOSS files.
      Should both participating teams decide to not use MOSS, protests regarding cheating allegations cannot be accepted.
      If a team wants to open a protest based on the MOSS files, it must not have confirmed the match result yet. By confirming the match result, a team forfeits any right to protest in relation to MOSS files. The match result must be confirmed at the latest 30 minutes after the end of the match without a protest in progress
      1. Incomplete Mossfiles
        If a MOSS file does not contain all the necessary contents for completeness, it is considered invalid and will not be evaluated.
        A complete MOSS file includes the following files:
        1. Correct parameters: Rainbow Six Siege
        2. Screenshots of all connected and listed screens
        3. Logfile.log
      2. Black screenshots
        So-called "black images" are considered "black images" as soon as at least one screen of the screenshot is black.
        A submitted moss file may not contain more than 30% of black images. Otherwise the moss file is considered invalid and will not be evaluated.
      3. Edited Mossfiles
        If a demonstrably edited or invalid MOSS file is submitted, it will not be scored and will be deemed not to have been submitted. In addition, if the MOSS files are edited, the tournament committee may disqualify the player or the entire team.
      4. Missing Mossfiles
        If moss files are required but a team is unable to submit them in full, the match is considered a defeat.
      5. RemoteControlSystems (RCS) & VPN
        RCS and VPNs are strictly prohibited in use at R6 Central Combine and will result in disqualification of the team. The use of a remote control system must be properly verified. The listing of an active "Kernal Time" or "User Time" in the MOSS system file, which exceeds a time of 00:00:15, is sufficient proof.
      6. Unreliability of MOSS
        If a crash occurs in MOSS during a round, the opponent must be informed immediately. The round must then be interrupted and is repeated from the moment of the crash. If the crash is only noticed after more than two rounds, the round is repeated from the current round and the opposing team wins the skipped rounds. This must also be noted in the match channel and an @staff must be marked.